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iending and deposit business
securities issuing
asset management and
foreign exchange trading.
Trading has been given as an alternative to interest based transactions by Quran e Kareem as mentioned above. In the light of this fact the comtemporary Islamic scholars after reviewing the current financial system have comeup with different modes of financing to fulfill the much needed requirement. In the futher discussion we shall discuss those modes of financing. But first we would define Islamic banking as per the State Bank Of Pakistan.
Islamic banking has the same utility as of conventional banking except that it asserts to function in agreement with the rules of Islamic Jurisprudence, called Fiqh ul Muamalat (Islamic regulations for transactions). The indispensable law of Islamic banking is the sharing of gain and loss and the prohibition of interest and Gharar. The Islamic concepts, that are mainly used in Islamic banking are profit sharing combination of isolated investor and worker (Mudharabah), safekeeping (Amanah), joint venture (Musharkah), Diminishing Musharkah, cost plus profit (Murabahah), asset finance (Ijarah), manufacturing (Istisna) and agricultural goods (Salaam). Islamic banking proposes to a structure of banking or participatory pooling actions that is dependable on Islamic Jurisprudence (Sharia'h) and channeled by Islamic economics. Islamic law prohibits interest the collection and payment of Usury. Islamic law also disallows trading in financial risk (since it is a form of gambling) discussed above as Gharar. In addition, Islamic Jurisprudence excludes participation in businesses which are deemed Haram (a going concern which deals in pork or alcohol). At the verge of 20th century, quite a few Islamic banks were crafted, to cater to this specific banking market. (Hassan, 2002)
In an Islamic mortgage transaction, instead of giving debt to the buyer, money is utilized to purchase the item that is, money is a medium of exchange and not a commodity. Money cannot be rented, is a fact of Islamic Economics. The supplier acts as a direct vendor for the bank, after acquiring the goods the bank proceeds it to the customer at a gain, while allowing the buyer to payback the bank in installments (assets backed financing). However, for any delay in payment the bank cannot charge additional costs as profit or compensation. To mitigate its risk and close in on the vulnerability of the customer's default, the bank keeps strict collaterals as its bail out. After the possession of goods the tangible asset is listed in the name of the buyer, by the Islamic banks. Such a bargain is known as Murabaha.
Likewise Ijara wa Iqtina or Ijara bi Tamleek, which is alternative to real estate capital finance. Islamic banks handle proportionate income financings for means of transportations in a likewise manner (vending the automobile at a price, which is higher than the current value of the asset in the market, to the lessee and then holding up the title of the medium until the pre-agreed proceeds are paid up).
