提供西方经济学宏观经济exam代考、论文代写范例-To Spend or to Save?Trick Question-节约的悖论，指出在经济困难时期，个体的理智行为（存钱）可能对整体经济是有害的。
DueEssay拥有哈佛、耶鲁、牛津、剑桥等世界各大名校的众多博士、硕士，及国际著名专家，涵盖“文、理、工、商、艺”五大学科，60门热门专业，超过240种不同科目的标准化课程教研体系。您的订单经过严格校对，turnitin检查确保您一次性通过。即使作品完成了您还是可以申请免费的修改或turnitin报告。
It’s your fault.Part of it is,anyway.You,the American consumer,spent too much money.You bought too much house,took on too much debt and generally lived beyond your means.Your free-spending ways helped cause the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.
And now you’re going to have to do your part to end the crisis.How?By spending.Enough already with the saving that many of you have suddenly begun doing.This very moment,Congress and President Obama are preparing to send you a tax rebate,to inspire you to stimulate the economy.So go out and stimulate.Spend as if the future of your country depended on it.
John Maynard Keynes,the great 20th-century economist,would have appreciated the apparent absurdity in these mixed messages.He coined a phrase,“the paradox of thrift,”to point out that what was rational for an individual during hard times—saving money—could be ruinous for an entire economy.Eventually,many of the savers may end up out of work because everyone else is saving,too.
It’s enough to make you wonder what exactly you’re supposed to do.At his news conference on Monday night,Mr.Obama was asked directly whether people should spend or save their rebate checks.He ducked the question.
Fortunately,though,it has an answer.There are a few ways to help both your own finances and the country’s.
The first involves figuring out how to spend money now to save money later—which can lift the economy today and help individual households cope with their battered finances in the long run.The second involves realizing that Keynes’s paradox isn’t ironclad.In a financial crisis,when banks may need capital as much as retailers or restaurants need business,many people can save without guilt.
What follows is a guide to spending and saving,both sensibly and patriotically.
Besides developing the most famous prescription for curing downturns,Keynes can also be considered the godfather of behavioral economics,as the columnist David Ignatius recently wrote.While other economists obsessed over statistical models that treated people as hyperrational automatons,Keynes wrote about“animal spirits.”He helped explain how psychology shaped economics.
Psychology-tinged economics—that is,behavioral economics—has taken off over the last two decades,and one of its central findings is that most people do not do a good job of planning for the future.They aren’t nearly as nice to their“future self,”as economists say,as to their“present self.”
They eat just one more doughnut and put off exercising until tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow.They fail to set aside enough for retirement.Again and again,they choose a bird in the hand—be it dessert,convenience or a little extra cash—over three or four in the bush.
These habits end up causing a lot of trouble.But they also present an opportunity in a time like this.Most people could save themselves a good bit of money by giving proper respect to their future self.They could spend a little now and save a lot later.
McKinsey&Company recently analyzed household spending on energy,for example,and found enormous waste.People heat their homes when they are not there and,thanks to leaks in their walls and heating ducts,also heat the airspace above their roof.
A programmable thermostat,which adjusts the temperature when people are out of the house or asleep,can cost as little as$50.For less than$1,000,people can buy the thermostat,as well as hire a contractor to fix leaks and replace their light bulbs with more efficient ones.In either case,the spending often pays for itself in just a year or two.
“There is a difference between consuming and investing,”says Ken Ostrowski of McKinsey.“And energy efficiency falls more into the category of investing.”
I asked behavioral economists for some other examples,and they helped me come up with a nice little list.Parents of young children can join Costco and make up their membership fee with just a few months of diaper purchases.Drivers can inflate their tires,change their air and fuel filters and start getting better mileage.Frequent book buyers who don’t mind screen reading can buy the new Kindle.It costs$359,but most new books then cost less than$10.
Families who shop at rent-to-own stores,which charge ridiculous interest rates,can temporarily pare back and then buy furniture or electronics outright.
People who do a lot of laser printing can purchase a printer that uses only a cent or two of ink per page.(Many use far,far more.)
