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mong all stakeholders to be able to solve growing environmental problems. Furthermore, preparation of a fully integrated aproach towards sustainable development is essential.
4.3 PAN Parks in Finland
In 1997 the WWF and the Dutch leisure company Molecaten group founded PAN Parks in order to create a synergy between ecological, economic and socio-cultural sustainability. The idea is to use tourism as a tool to protect Europe’s wilderness areas while at the same time trigger sustainable tourism development in the surrounding areas. PAN Parks aims to do this by building partnerships with nature conservation organisations, the private sector and other groups on local, national and international level (Cutumisu, 2003). PAN Parks differs in this initiative from other organisations, because it includes both tourism and nature conservation in its verification principles and criteria. Before a protected area is certified as a PAN Park, verification according to PAN Parks principles and criteria is carried out. There are five PAN Parks principles: natural values, habitat management, visitor management, sustainable tourism development and finally tourism business partners. Principles four and five set criteria for a sustainable tourism development strategy. This strategy is central in ensuring that tourism benefits nature conservation.
Now, the PAN Parks logo is a trademark for sustainable development and high quality tourism facilities, in harmony with the needs of wilderness protection and community development(PAN Parks, 2006)
PAN Park Oulanka is for the greatest part situated in the municipality of Kuusamo in North-East Finland, 800km north of the capital Helsinki and adjacent to the Russian border(Simula,and Lahti, 2005). The region around Kuusamo attracts people already for a long time. Its open landscape traversed by numerous rivers and lakes, alternated by dense forests offer great opportunities for recreation and observation of nature. Last decades many Finns established their summer cottages along the shores of the lakes and likewise did tourism businesses to enable tourists to enjoy the scenery and the tranquillity of this part of Finland.
Finlandis quite progressive when it comes to combine nature conservation, tourism and local economical development. For Kuusamo region, a long history of ecological research, encouragement of local initiatives, and participation of stakeholders supported the development of sustainable tourism(Torn, et al, 2005). Furthermore, the region has already experience with cooperation between different sectors and public-private partnerships.
In a word, Protected Area Network (PAN) Park Oulanka in Finland is quite ahead with sustainable tourism development. Although due to its less favourable climate and relative higher prices compared to other European (PAN) Parks, it tends to loose its good position on sustainable nature-based tourism. It is confirmed the tourism development in and around Oulanka National Park is a useful example for other PAN Parks.
Conlunsion 结论
This paper has introduced the conceptual definition of sustainable tourism and present the our position that the sustain
