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act. During the visit of President Nursultan Nazabayev from 24 to 27 Jan 2009 Indo Kazakh Civil Nuclear agreement was signed .[87] Under the proposed agreement 120 tonnes of Uranium will be imported from Kazakhstan by Nuclear Power Corporation of India.[88]
Indo-Kazakh Bilateral Trade. Bilateral trade between the two countries ha s increased from $78.91Million US in 2003 to $ 210.25 million US in 2006.[89] Kazakhstan is India's largest trading partner in Central Asia with both countries looking to develop bilateral trade beyond mechanical engineering, pharmaceuticals and defence sectors.[90]
Indo-Kazakh Agreement on Satpayev Oil Block. Both nations have agreed to sign an agreement on exploration and production for the Satpayev oil block in the Caspian sea at an early date before the new subsoil use law is adopted in Kazakhstan.[91]
ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL). The international arm of ONGC, has been actively acquiring energy contracts and exploration and drilling rights abroad. In 1997, the Oil and Natural Gas Commision Videsh Ltd received a five year license for oil exploration covering an area of 9085 sq km in the Palvodar region of northern Kazakhstan.[92] In Central Asia, ONGC has made significant inroads into Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and most recently in Tajikistan. It has formally bid on Tengiz and Kashaugan oil fields and the Kurmangazy and Darkhan exploration blocks in Kazakhstan.[93] . OVL already has a 15 percent holding in Kazakhstan's Alibekmola oil fields and a 10 percent holding in the country's Kurmangazi fields.
Likely Transportation Routes to India
The shortest and economically attractive route for Central Asian energy to reach India is through Iran. While oil can be shipped to India from the Iranian port of Bander Abbas in the Persian Gulf, gas will have to transit through Afghanistan and Pakistan to reach India.[94]
Importing Kazakh Oil via Turkmenistan to Port Of Bander Abbas. India could explore the feasibility of importing Kazakh oil via Turkmenistan to the Iranian port of Bander Abbas from where it can be shipped to Jamnagar refinery. India's ONGC already has stake in Farsi exploration block in Iran. This arrangement would benefit all the players involved.[95]
Swap Arrangements with Iran. There are arrangements to supply Central Asian oil to Iran's Northern refineries while Iran supplies the same quantities at its gulf ports through swap arrangements. India already utilizes this arrangement to a limited extent. But both the options of either transportation through Iran or the swap arrangements do not diversify transportation routes away from Straits of Hormuz.[96]
Kazakhstan- Sino -Indian Cooperation. India could seriously explore the prospects of laying a new pipeline from Central Asia via Xinjiang and Tibet into Ladakh or Himachal Pradesh.[97] Feasibility studies need to be undertaken to explore this possibility. India and Kazakhstan could explore different variants of transport connectivity which are realistically attainable. One such alignment could be the road that directly follows an alignment in a North-South direction along the existing railway lines and roads in Kazakhstan, Western China and India include: Almaty, Korgas, Yinning, Kuqa, Aksu, Kashgar, Yarkand, Yecheng (along the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway No. 219) Mazar, Shahidulla, Sumxi, Derub, Resum, Shiquanhe, Gar, Kailash, Burang, Lepu-lek
