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ch was founded in Shanghai in 1995 as the Shanghai Five by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The Chinese President Hu Jintao has declared that the Central Asian region is central to Chinese development. This could not only be seen in the increased number of military exercises and amount of political cooperation between China and the Central Asian states but also in the rapidly increasing trade and investments from China.[58]
Iran's Strategic Interests in Central Asia
Iran has long considered itself to be the first neighbour of Central Asia. It's interests in the region are:-[59]
Developing political relations with Central Asian Republics, to include expanded trade and investment.
Protect access to energy supplies, including the development of energy-based industries that complement rather than compete with domestic industry.
Building relationship to extricate itself from international isolation, in a unipolar world.
Economic Relations. Iran aims to accomplish the following:-[60]
Expand its infrastructure, especially its railway network;
Gain political and economic influence in CA through the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO);
Acquire shares in a number of Caspian oil and gas development and Export venture. Railroads
Iran as a Gateway to Central Asia. Iran linked Russia and Central Asia to Persian Gulf with the following transportation network:-.
Bafgh-Bandar Abbas (700 Km) in1995.
Mashhad-Sarakhs-Tejen (300 Km) in 1996.
Bafgh-Mashhad (650 Km) in 2005
The first train from Almaty moved to Istanbul in 2002.
With the completion of Delaram -Zaranj road its Bandar Abbas port is now connected to Afghanistan.
Sarakhs-Bandar Abbas route which connects Central Asia to international waterways, reduces the transit time of 6 days to 4 days and distance of 2431 km to 1617 km. Reduction in distance will cut transportation costs and add to tonnage increase and foreign exchange income.[61]
Pakistan's Interest in Central Asia
Pakistan. Pakistan's objectives in Central Asia are determined by its political and security imperatives; its economic and commercial gains; countering India's influence and its desire to be an energy transit-corridor in South Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. Pakistan has always desired to expand its influence in Afghanistan and beyond. Central Asia is seen as an area of natural expansion for Pakistan. Geo strategic and economic factors have shaped Pakistan's policy towards Central Asia, but fear of India's influence in this region remains a predominant factor in the formulation of its strategies.[62] Pakistan's desire to be the leader of the Islamic bloc is premised on the consideration that this would enhance Pakistan's influence in the Islamic bloc, which, in turn, can be used against India. Pakistan has always tried to project itself as the only country that can stand up to India in the region. This has been the cornerstone of Islamabad's strategic thinking. [63]
Quest for 'Strategic Depth'. The emergence of Central Asia was viewed as an opportunity for Pakistan to spread its sphere of influence beyond Afghanistan thus providing 'strategic depth' against India.[64]
Islam as a Tool. Religion is seen as an important factor in developing relations between Pakistan and the Central Asian states. Pak thinks that sin
